Maritime Insurance Coverage For Offshore Assets: Insights From Law Attorneys.

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Maritime Insurance Coverage For Offshore Assets: Insights From Law Attorneys.

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Received: December 7, 2020 / Revised: January 18, 2021 / Accepted: January 19, 2021 / Published: January 22, 2021

In an ever-evolving technology industry, the oil and gas sector is already moving forward with industry 4.0 restructuring and cyber technology optimization through oil and gas 4.0. As information technology/operational technology (IT/OT) systems evolve technologically, so do the cybersecurity threats facing offshore oil and gas. This document aims to increase awareness of cyber security threats and the organizational and technical measures the oil and gas industry must adopt for remote and complex assets in the upstream sector. A comprehensive literature review on the integration of new IT/OT systems and the analysis and management of cyber security risks is presented. Cybersecurity assessment results for offshore oil and gas assets are also presented, providing valuable insight into current business culture and concepts of cyber security. The importance of organizational culture, employee training and involvement, and company involvement and support in cybersecurity is emphasized.

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The offshore oil and gas industry is characterized by its global presence and the spread of its high-end assets in all parts of the world. These assets, regardless of their type, ie drillships, offshore production platforms or floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs), include many control systems that facilitate inspection and safe and efficient production processes. These systems include industrial control systems (ICS), but they also include the distance of their offshore assets, property sharing and common marine assets.

During the high digitization of assets, in the maritime and oil and gas sectors, the implementation of digital twin technology, the use of cloud technology for digital storage, bandwidth and communication of assets and systems, and IT (information technology) and OT (operational technology) systems within oil and offshore assets face many internal and external risks in cyber security. Cyber ​​attacks against oil and gas companies and the rising domain have been occurring for over 30 years [1]. Recently, it has been reported that the percentage of ICS computers blocked from accessing hazardous materials has grown from 38% in the second half of 2019 to 39.9% in the first half of 2020 in the construction machinery industry and from 36.3 to 37.8% in the oil and gas industry [2]. In the maritime domain, as reported in June 2020, there has been a 400% increase in cyber attacks since February 2020 against maritime equipment and assets and their IT and OT systems and infrastructure [3]. Reported percentages of confirmed cyber attacks indicate an imminent threat to offshore oil and gas.

This paper provides an overview of the cybersecurity of exploration and production assets in the offshore oil and gas industry, as well as industry data from a web survey of industry personnel. More specifically, the purpose of this document is to provide:

A literature review of existing cyber security for offshore oil and gas assets (top). As part of the literature review, any material that examines cybersecurity related to onshore assets and systems supporting the upstream sector will also be considered. The middle and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry are not included in this paper as they are not part of the authors' research area.

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An updated picture of the offshore oil and gas industry's cyber security perspective based on a survey of industry professionals.

Overall, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the organizational, operational and technical regulations that are affected by cyber security threats and that affect the cyber operations and reliability of the offshore oil and gas industry.

The introduction of data and computerized technology in the oil and gas industry is active and ongoing. This industry embraces the era of Industry 4.0 and its adaptation to "Oil and Gas 4.0" [4], and the use of its digital tools and technologies, while trying to integrate the organization and the process. As described by Lu et al [4], Industry 4.0 includes digital tools such as big data, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), digital twin technology, wireless communication technology, augmented reality (AR), and blockchain technology. Other technologies enabling digital integration in the oil and gas sector (both offshore and onshore) include machine learning, cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI). Oil and Gas 4.0 applies to seismic exploration, smart oil field, smart completion, and research and decision platforms [4, 5].

Mohammadpoor​​​​​​ and Torabi [6] discussed extensively the use and application of big data in the oil and gas sector. Its application in Oil and Gas 4.0 and its application in exploration and recognition, drilling, reservoirs and production engineering are described by Nguyen et al [7]. Gharbi and Mansoori [8] and Bello et al [9] reviewed the use of artificial intelligence in the design and operation of upstream drilling systems. The digital twin concept is described in detail by Elgonda LaGrange [10] and Holmås et al [11]. The implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its industrial adaptation to the IIoT was discussed in detail by Thibaud et al [12] which applies directly to the oil and gas and energy sector.

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In general, all of the above digital tools as part of Oil and Gas 4.0 are connected and combined to enable the integration and collaboration of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) systems within the organization of oil and gas and especially offshore oil and gas. The main components of this collaboration are industrial control systems (ICS) and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition).

The literature review shows that the topic of cybersecurity of oil and gas assets is not widely studied, especially in the offshore oil and gas domain. Much research has been done in the area of ​​cyber security and the maritime domain, but the offshore oil and gas industry combines the characteristics of land-based equipment and marine equipment (ships).

Selected publications include scientific journal articles and industry white papers, reports, guidelines and standards covering the following areas:

In general, adversary-initiated security threats to offshore oil and gas assets can be classified as insiders, outsiders, or integrators (ie, insiders acting on behalf of outside adversaries) [13]. These translate into the following types of online opponents:

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Cybercriminals: These are traffickers, organized criminals, etc., who seek financial gain by using stolen digital information or material manipulation.

Insiders: These are unhappy employees who seek personal benefits by stealing digital information, destroying digital assets, vandalism, etc., or careless employees who cause unwanted incidents [14].

Cyber ​​Terrorists​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​1599598888888151880111111111111111188888888899999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999900000000

Cyberactivists: These are hacktivists and activist groups

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