"oil Boom And Environmental Implications: How Maritime Law Attorneys Protect Coastal Resources"

 "oil Boom And Environmental Implications: How Maritime Law Attorneys Protect Coastal Resources" - A Repsol employee pulls a containment crane during an oil spill cleanup in Ventanilla, Peru, in January. Photo: Marcos Reategui/Getty

As the state, refinery and tanker owners play the blame game, the damage to the region's ecology continues to spread.

"oil Boom And Environmental Implications: How Maritime Law Attorneys Protect Coastal Resources"

More than a month after the worst-ever environmental disaster on the coast of Peru, there is little sign of Repsol, the Spanish energy company that manages the refinery where more than 10,000 barrels of crude oil are stored. spewed out into the Pacific Ocean behind a conventional oil tanker. discharge went wrong.

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The black oil slick, pushed northward by winds and ocean currents, tarred 25 beaches, contaminated three protected marine reserves and covered an area of ​​about 106 square kilometers (40 square miles). – about the size of Paris.

It has devastated one of the world's richest marine ecosystems; kills fish and invertebrates, leaves more than 1,000 seabirds oiled, several hundred dead, and damages marine mammals such as endangered sea otters, according to the epidemic. Peru's National Service for State Protected Natural Areas (Sernanp).

At dawn on January 15, a ruptured underwater pipeline caused crude oil to spill into the sea from the Italian-flagged tanker Mare Doricum, which was discharging oil from an offshore buoy connected to La Pampilla, the largest refinery. of Peru, just north of the capital, Lima.

The disaster for one of the world's richest marine ecosystems, and at least 2,000 coastal fishermen who depend on it, has raised questions about how environmental crime should be punished in times of crisis. Climate crisis and catastrophic wildlife loss, as oil companies, tanker captains and the Peruvian state all blame each other.

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Under Peru's strict liability law, Repsol is ultimately responsible for the spill, said Manuel Pulgar Vidal, the country's former environment minister and now global leader for climate and energy at WWF said. But Peru has a poor track record of holding big businesses to account for the pollution, he said. “The expectation of receiving [fair] compensation is very low.”

Peru accused Repsol of reacting late, putting in place a contingency plan for the spill the day after it happened. This is denied by the company, which said in a statement that it "activated the contingency plan and informed the relevant authorities... on the same night of the ship's accident".

Four Repsol officials, including the company's Peruvian president, Jaime Fernández-Cuesta, have been banned from leaving the country while a state prosecutor investigates whether the oil company has properly maintained its system. underwater pipeline system or not. News reports showed pictures of broken and rust-covered pipes.

Although the oil company initially said a tsunami generated by a volcanic eruption in Tonga caused the spill, it later blamed the Mare Doricum, the ship it claimed to have replaced. position during the discharge, an allegation the tanker company has denied.

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The ship was seized by Peruvian authorities and the ship's Italian captain, Giacomo Pisani, has been placed under investigation. Pisani alleges that there are a number of irregularities in the discharge process and argues that the company's containment barrier is not long enough.

The blame is more complicated because the Peruvian navy did not issue a tsunami warning after the eruption of the Tonga volcano, unlike neighboring Ecuador and Chile.

While the debate over responsibility for oil spills continues, the environmental and social consequences spread outward. The United Nations special rapporteur on poisons and human rights, Marcos Orellana, who spent a week in Peru last month, said the slow response by the company and the authorities had "exacerbated the impact" ” to the environment and the people who depend on it for food.

The effects on coastal fishing communities at Aucallama, about 30 miles north of the spill, were severe, as the viscous crude oil tide clogged the rock pools and craggy cliffs. where they catch crabs, octopuses, sea bass and cobia.

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Marcelo Muñoz, 60, who has been making a living throwing hooks and lines from cliffs since the age of 12, said fishing suddenly stopped. So much fish that he can make more than $50 a day selling directly to beachfront restaurants that serve ceviche to beachgoers in the summer.

Now Muñoz and nearly 50 artisanal fishermen live on donated food, shared in a "

, a makeshift soup kitchen surrounded by rows of empty eateries, all deserted during the busiest months of the year.

Sadly, it is not possible to recover all of the oil after a spill. At least 30% of the oil will remain in the ocean

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Juan Carlos Sueiro, fisheries director for conservation group Oceana Peru, said they are among about 2,000 fishing people who have been affected along the 50-mile coastline. “Businesses related to the summer months, such as restaurants, parasols and transport have all been abruptly canceled since mid-January and we believe they should also be,” he said. indemnify.

On Friday, the company said it was working to help about 4,100 people affected by the spill and had given 6,599 vouchers worth £100 each to affected families.

Orellana said there isn't enough information to assess the social impacts of the spill. “This is a huge gap that needs to be addressed as people depend on the sea for their livelihood, livelihood and food.”

The long-term impact on the ecosystem is even harder to calculate. While the oil is less visible, the toxic effects remain.

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At La Isla Pescadores, a protected marine reserve 57 miles north of Lima and home to nearly 200,000 seabirds, park keepers are picking up 10 to 20 dead birds from the water everyday.

Giancarlo Inga Díaz, a veterinarian of Sernanp, rescues oil-dead birds from the sea near Isla Pescadores. Photo: Dan Collyns

Giancarlo Inga Díaz, a veterinarian working for Sernanp, said many of the animals initially died from oil covering their nostrils. “In the days and weeks that followed, the oil damaged the quality of the feathers and they were no longer waterproof. When that happens, the animals will die from hypothermia.”

Inga Díaz said others starve because they can't dive anymore, or over time, can become poisoned by ingesting poison when they use their beaks to clean their feathers. “We believe this pattern [of dead birds] will continue in the long term,” he said.

An Oil Spill Responder From The National Response Cooperation Puts Boom In Place Around The Motor Vessel Earnest To Mitigate Environmental Impact From The Vessel Sinking, Sept. 26, 2016. The Coast Guard

Repsol estimates the cleanup will cost $65 million. The company has already paid more than $400,000 in environmental fines but expects more.

Pulgar Vidal said Peru's environmental assessment and enforcement agency should penalize Repsol for its current cleaning behaviour, and asked the company to "implement regular monitoring" for at least the next five years. “Sadly it is not possible to recover all the oil after a spill. At least 30% will stay in the ocean,” he said.

“Culture of impunity” and lack of effective regulation are extremely harmful in one of the world's most biodiverse countries, says Pulgar Vidal.

The global trend towards environmental justice in many parts of the world, he said, has "failed to reach the justice system of Peru", which has a poor record of enforcing environmental fines.

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Orellana says institutions, standards and practices need to be strengthened to deal with ecological incidents so that “affected people, affected nature, can be properly remedied and prevention can become a reality.” Special Issues Program Guidelines Editorial Process Research and Publishing Ethics Articles Handling Fees Testimonials

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